UNIT 6
Single Sexed Schools or Mixed Sexed Schools?
Montessori School Education
Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses)
Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses)
We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative clause, your English becomes more fluent, and you can avoid repeating certain words. There are two types of relative clauses: “defining”, “non-defining”
A) Defining Relative Clauses
Defining relative clauses give necessary information in a sentence. Review the chart below for relative pronouns:
for people
|
Ø who/that/whom
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for things
|
Ø which/that
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for places
|
Ø where
|
for time
|
Ø when
|
possessive for people and things
|
Ø whose
|
Relative Clause Pronouns Used as the subject: “Who/Which/That”
· I thanked the woman. She helped me.
I thanked the woman who/that helped me.
· She has got a lot of friends. They are all younger than her.
She has got a lot of friends who/that are all younger than her.
· The book is on the top shelf. It belongs to Tim.
The book which/that is on the top shelf belongs to Tim.
· We rented a house. It has a large garden.
We rented a house which/that has a large garden.
Relative Clause Pronouns Used as the object: “Who/Whom/Which/That”
We can leave out “who/whom/which/that” when they are followed by a noun or a pronoun.
· Our company hired a new manager. Everybody will meet her in the afternoon.
Our company hired a new manager who/whom/that/Ø everybody will meet in the afternoon.
· The man was Bill’s uncle. We saw him last night.
The man who/whom/that/Ø we saw last night was Bill’s uncle.
· She is a very honest person. People trust her very much.
She is a very honest person who/whom/that/Ø people trust very much.
· I’m sending you some photos. I took them with my new camera.
I’m sending you some photos which/that/Ø I took with my new camera.
· The article was very interesting. I read it yesterday.
The article which/that/Ø I read yesterday was very interesting.
· This is the car. I bought it yesterday.
This is the car which/that/Ø I bought yesterday.
Relative Clause Pronouns Used as the object of a preposition:
· This is the woman. I told you about her.
This is the woman who/whom/that/Ø I told you about.
This is the woman about whom I told you.
· The music was great. We listened to it last night.
The music which/that/Ø we listened to last night was great.
The music to which we listened last night was great.
Using whose in relative clauses:
· Ted is an excellent performer. His performance amazes everyone in the hall.
Ted is an excellent performer whose performance amazes everyone in the hall.
· The student writes well. I read his composition.
The student whose composition I read writes well.
· Yesterday we listened to a song. Its lyrics were so difficult to understand.
Yesterday we listened to a song whose lyrics were so difficult to understand.
· The film was great. Its director was Hungarian.
The film whose director was Hungarian was great.
Using where in relative clauses:
· I visited the town. I was born there. (in that town)
I visited the town where I was born.
· That is the stage. The actor died on it.
That is the stage where the actor died.
· This is the hotel. We always stay there on our vacations.
This is the hotel where we always stay on our vacations.
Using when in relative clauses:
· I will never forget the day. I met her then. (on that day)
I will never forget the day when/that/Ø I met her.
· 2001 is the year. We got married in that year.
2001 is the year when/that/Ø we got married.
· 7:00 o’clock is the time. The shop becomes very hectic then.
7:00 o’clock is the time when/that/Ø the shop becomes very hectic.
Using relative clauses to modify pronouns:
· Everybody who/that came to the party was elegantly dressed.
· Everybody who/whom/that/Ø I meet is surprised by my name.
· There is someone who/whom/that/Ø I want you to meet.
· Anybody who/that wants to come is welcome.
· Tim is the only one who/whom/that/Ø I can trust.
· Everything which/that/Ø he said was true.
· Scholarships are available for those who/that need financial assistance.
B) Non-defining Relative Clauses
A non-defining relative clause provides extra information, which is not essential to understand the meaning of a sentence.
· The children, who wanted to play soccer, ran to an open field as soon as they arrived at the park. (The use of commas means that all of the children ran to an open field.) non-defining
The children who wanted to play soccer ran to an open field as soon as they arrived at the park. (The lack of commas means that only some of the children ran to an open field.) defining
· The professor who teaches Chemistry 101 is an excellent lecturer. (The adjective clause is necessary to identify which professor is meant.) defining
Professor Wilson, who teaches Chemistry 101, is an excellent lecturer. (The adjective clause is not necessary to identify which professor is meant. We already know who he is.) non-defining
Ø Punctuation
Correct punctuation is essential in non-defining relative clauses. If the non-defining relative clause occurs in the middle of a sentence, a comma is put before the relative pronoun and at the end of the clause. If the non-defining relative clause occurs at the end of a sentence, a comma is put before the relative pronoun.
· Hawaii, which consists of eight principal islands, is my favorite vacation spot.
My favorite vacation spot is Hawaii, which consists of eight principal islands.
In non-defining clauses, you cannot use "that" instead of "who", "whom" or "which". You cannot leave out the relative pronoun, even when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
· The boy who/whom/that/Ø we met yesterday is Jane’s boyfriend.
Tom, who/whom we met yesterday, is Jane’s boyfriend.
Exercise 1
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